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826 lines
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<head>
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
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"application/xhtml+xml; charset=utf-8" />
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<title>
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6.25. Shadow-4.2.1
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</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../stylesheets/lfs.css" />
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<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.78.1" />
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</head>
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<body class="lfs" id="lfs-7.7-systemd">
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<div class="navheader">
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<h4>
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Linux From Scratch - Version 7.7-systemd
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</h4>
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<h3>
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Chapter 6. Installing Basic System Software
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</h3>
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<ul>
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<li class="prev">
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<a accesskey="p" href="sed.html" title="Sed-4.2.2">Prev</a>
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<p>
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Sed-4.2.2
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</li>
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<li class="next">
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<a accesskey="n" href="psmisc.html" title="Psmisc-22.21">Next</a>
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<p>
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Psmisc-22.21
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<a accesskey="u" href="chapter06.html" title=
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"Chapter 6. Installing Basic System Software">Up</a>
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<a accesskey="h" href="../index.html" title=
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"Linux From Scratch - Version 7.7-systemd">Home</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
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<h1 class="sect1">
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<a id="ch-system-shadow" name="ch-system-shadow"></a>6.25.
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Shadow-4.2.1
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</h1>
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<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
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<p>
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The Shadow package contains programs for handling passwords in a
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secure way.
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</p>
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<div class="segmentedlist">
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<div class="seglistitem">
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<div class="seg">
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<strong class="segtitle">Approximate build time:</strong>
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<span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
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</div>
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<div class="seg">
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<strong class="segtitle">Required disk space:</strong>
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<span class="segbody">52 MB</span>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
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<h2 class="sect2">
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6.25.1. Installation of Shadow
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</h2>
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<div class="admon note">
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<img alt="[Note]" src="../images/note.png" />
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<h3>
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Note
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</h3>
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<p>
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If you would like to enforce the use of strong passwords, refer
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to <a class="ulink" href=
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"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/systemd/postlfs/cracklib.html">
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http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/systemd/postlfs/cracklib.html</a>
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for installing CrackLib prior to building Shadow. Then add
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<em class="parameter"><code>--with-libcrack</code></em> to the
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<span class="command"><strong>configure</strong></span> command
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below.
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</p>
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</div>
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<p>
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Disable the installation of the <span class=
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"command"><strong>groups</strong></span> program and its man pages,
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as Coreutils provides a better version:
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</p>
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<pre class="userinput">
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<kbd class="command">sed -i 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile.in
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find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/groups\.1 / /' {} \;</kbd>
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</pre>
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<p>
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<a id="shadow-login_defs" name="shadow-login_defs"></a>Instead of
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using the default <span class="emphasis"><em>crypt</em></span>
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method, use the more secure <span class=
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"emphasis"><em>SHA-512</em></span> method of password encryption,
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which also allows passwords longer than 8 characters. It is also
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necessary to change the obsolete <code class=
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"filename">/var/spool/mail</code> location for user mailboxes that
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Shadow uses by default to the <code class=
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"filename">/var/mail</code> location used currently:
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</p>
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<pre class="userinput">
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|
<kbd class=
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"command">sed -i -e 's@#ENCRYPT_METHOD DES@ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512@' \
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-e 's@/var/spool/mail@/var/mail@' etc/login.defs</kbd>
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</pre>
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<div class="admon note">
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<img alt="[Note]" src="../images/note.png" />
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<h3>
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Note
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</h3>
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<p>
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If you chose to build Shadow with Cracklib support, run the
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following:
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</p>
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<pre class="userinput">
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<kbd class=
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|
"command">sed -i 's@DICTPATH.*@DICTPATH\t/lib/cracklib/pw_dict@' etc/login.defs</kbd>
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</pre>
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</div>
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<p>
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Make a minor change to make the default useradd consistent with the
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LFS groups file:
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</p>
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<pre class="userinput">
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<kbd class="command">sed -i 's/1000/999/' etc/useradd</kbd>
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</pre>
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<p>
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Prepare Shadow for compilation:
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</p>
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<pre class="userinput">
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<kbd class=
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"command">./configure --sysconfdir=/etc --with-group-name-max-length=32</kbd>
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</pre>
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<div class="variablelist">
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<p class="title">
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<strong>The meaning of the configure option:</strong>
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</p>
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<dl class="variablelist">
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<dt>
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<span class="term"><em class=
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"parameter"><code>--with-group-name-max-length=32</code></em></span>
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</dt>
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<dd>
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<p>
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The maximum user name is 32 characters. Make the maximum
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group name the same.
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</p>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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</div>
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<p>
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Compile the package:
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</p>
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<pre class="userinput">
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<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
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</pre>
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<p>
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This package does not come with a test suite.
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</p>
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<p>
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Install the package:
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</p>
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<pre class="userinput">
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<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
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</pre>
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<p>
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Move a misplaced program to its proper location:
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</p>
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<pre class="userinput">
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<kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/bin/passwd /bin</kbd>
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</pre>
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</div>
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<div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
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<h2 class="sect2">
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<a id="conf-shadow" name="conf-shadow"></a>6.25.2. Configuring
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Shadow
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</h2>
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<p>
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This package contains utilities to add, modify, and delete users
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and groups; set and change their passwords; and perform other
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administrative tasks. For a full explanation of what <span class=
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"emphasis"><em>password shadowing</em></span> means, see the
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<code class="filename">doc/HOWTO</code> file within the unpacked
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source tree. If using Shadow support, keep in mind that programs
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which need to verify passwords (display managers, FTP programs,
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pop3 daemons, etc.) must be Shadow-compliant. That is, they need to
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be able to work with shadowed passwords.
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</p>
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<p>
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To enable shadowed passwords, run the following command:
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</p>
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<pre class="userinput">
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|
<kbd class="command">pwconv</kbd>
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</pre>
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<p>
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To enable shadowed group passwords, run:
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</p>
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<pre class="userinput">
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<kbd class="command">grpconv</kbd>
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</pre>
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<p>
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Shadow's stock configuration for the <span class=
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"command"><strong>useradd</strong></span> utility has a few caveats
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that need some explanation. First, the default action for the
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<span class="command"><strong>useradd</strong></span> utility is to
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create the user and a group of the same name as the user. By
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default the user ID (UID) and group ID (GID) numbers will begin
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with 1000. This means if you don't pass parameters to <span class=
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"command"><strong>useradd</strong></span>, each user will be a
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member of a unique group on the system. If this behaviour is
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undesirable, you'll need to pass the <em class=
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|
"parameter"><code>-g</code></em> parameter to <span class=
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"command"><strong>useradd</strong></span>. The default parameters
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are stored in the <code class=
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|
"filename">/etc/default/useradd</code> file. You may need to modify
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|
two parameters in this file to suit your particular needs.
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</p>
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<div class="variablelist">
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<p class="title">
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<strong><code class="filename">/etc/default/useradd</code>
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|
Parameter Explanations</strong>
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</p>
|
|
<dl class="variablelist">
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<dt>
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|
<span class="term"><em class=
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|
"parameter"><code>GROUP=1000</code></em></span>
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|
</dt>
|
|
<dd>
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|
<p>
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This parameter sets the beginning of the group numbers used
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in the /etc/group file. You can modify it to anything you
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desire. Note that <span class=
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"command"><strong>useradd</strong></span> will never reuse a
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UID or GID. If the number identified in this parameter is
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used, it will use the next available number after this. Note
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also that if you don't have a group 1000 on your system the
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first time you use <span class=
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"command"><strong>useradd</strong></span> without the
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<em class="parameter"><code>-g</code></em> parameter, you'll
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get a message displayed on the terminal that says:
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<code class="computeroutput">useradd: unknown GID
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1000</code>. You may disregard this message and group number
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1000 will be used.
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</p>
|
|
</dd>
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|
<dt>
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|
<span class="term"><em class=
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|
"parameter"><code>CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL=yes</code></em></span>
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</dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
This parameter causes <span class=
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|
"command"><strong>useradd</strong></span> to create a mailbox
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file for the newly created user. <span class=
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|
"command"><strong>useradd</strong></span> will make the group
|
|
ownership of this file to the <code class=
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|
"systemitem">mail</code> group with 0660 permissions. If you
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would prefer that these mailbox files are not created by
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<span class="command"><strong>useradd</strong></span>, issue
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|
the following command:
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|
</p>
|
|
<pre class="userinput">
|
|
<kbd class="command">sed -i 's/yes/no/' /etc/default/useradd</kbd>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
|
|
<h2 class="sect2">
|
|
6.25.3. Setting the root password
|
|
</h2>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Choose a password for user <span class=
|
|
"emphasis"><em>root</em></span> and set it by running:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<pre class="userinput">
|
|
<kbd class="command">passwd root</kbd>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
|
|
<h2 class="sect2">
|
|
<a id="contents-shadow" name="contents-shadow"></a>6.25.4. Contents
|
|
of Shadow
|
|
</h2>
|
|
<div class="segmentedlist">
|
|
<div class="seglistitem">
|
|
<div class="seg">
|
|
<strong class="segtitle">Installed programs:</strong>
|
|
<span class="segbody">chage, chfn, chgpasswd, chpasswd, chsh,
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|
expiry, faillog, gpasswd, groupadd, groupdel, groupmems,
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|
groupmod, grpck, grpconv, grpunconv, lastlog, login, logoutd,
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|
newgrp, newusers, nologin, passwd, pwck, pwconv, pwunconv, sg
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|
(link to newgrp), su, useradd, userdel, usermod, vigr (link to
|
|
vipw), and vipw</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="seg">
|
|
<strong class="segtitle">Installed directory:</strong>
|
|
<span class="segbody">/etc/default</span>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="variablelist">
|
|
<h3>
|
|
Short Descriptions
|
|
</h3>
|
|
<table border="0" class="variablelist">
|
|
<colgroup>
|
|
<col align="left" valign="top" />
|
|
<col />
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|
</colgroup>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="chage" name="chage"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>chage</strong></span></span>
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|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
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|
Used to change the maximum number of days between
|
|
obligatory password changes
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="chfn" name="chfn"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>chfn</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Used to change a user's full name and other information
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="chgpasswd" name="chgpasswd"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>chgpasswd</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Used to update group passwords in batch mode
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="chpasswd" name="chpasswd"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>chpasswd</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Used to update user passwords in batch mode
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="chsh" name="chsh"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>chsh</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Used to change a user's default login shell
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="expiry" name="expiry"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>expiry</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Checks and enforces the current password expiration
|
|
policy
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="faillog" name="faillog"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>faillog</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Is used to examine the log of login failures, to set a
|
|
maximum number of failures before an account is blocked,
|
|
or to reset the failure count
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="gpasswd" name="gpasswd"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>gpasswd</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Is used to add and delete members and administrators to
|
|
groups
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="groupadd" name="groupadd"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>groupadd</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Creates a group with the given name
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="groupdel" name="groupdel"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>groupdel</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Deletes the group with the given name
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="groupmems" name="groupmems"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>groupmems</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Allows a user to administer his/her own group membership
|
|
list without the requirement of super user privileges.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="groupmod" name="groupmod"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>groupmod</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Is used to modify the given group's name or GID
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="grpck" name="grpck"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>grpck</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Verifies the integrity of the group files <code class=
|
|
"filename">/etc/group</code> and <code class=
|
|
"filename">/etc/gshadow</code>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="grpconv" name="grpconv"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>grpconv</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Creates or updates the shadow group file from the normal
|
|
group file
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="grpunconv" name="grpunconv"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>grpunconv</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Updates <code class="filename">/etc/group</code> from
|
|
<code class="filename">/etc/gshadow</code> and then
|
|
deletes the latter
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="lastlog" name="lastlog"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>lastlog</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Reports the most recent login of all users or of a given
|
|
user
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="login" name="login"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>login</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Is used by the system to let users sign on
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="logoutd" name="logoutd"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>logoutd</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Is a daemon used to enforce restrictions on log-on time
|
|
and ports
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="newgrp" name="newgrp"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>newgrp</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Is used to change the current GID during a login session
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="newusers" name="newusers"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>newusers</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Is used to create or update an entire series of user
|
|
accounts
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="nologin" name="nologin"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>nologin</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Displays a message that an account is not available; it
|
|
is designed to be used as the default shell for accounts
|
|
that have been disabled
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="passwd" name="passwd"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>passwd</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Is used to change the password for a user or group
|
|
account
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="pwck" name="pwck"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>pwck</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Verifies the integrity of the password files <code class=
|
|
"filename">/etc/passwd</code> and <code class=
|
|
"filename">/etc/shadow</code>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="pwconv" name="pwconv"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>pwconv</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Creates or updates the shadow password file from the
|
|
normal password file
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="pwunconv" name="pwunconv"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>pwunconv</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Updates <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> from
|
|
<code class="filename">/etc/shadow</code> and then
|
|
deletes the latter
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="sg" name="sg"></a><span class="term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>sg</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Executes a given command while the user's GID is set to
|
|
that of the given group
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="su" name="su"></a><span class="term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>su</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Runs a shell with substitute user and group IDs
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="useradd" name="useradd"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>useradd</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Creates a new user with the given name, or updates the
|
|
default new-user information
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="userdel" name="userdel"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>userdel</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Deletes the given user account
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="usermod" name="usermod"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>usermod</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Is used to modify the given user's login name, User
|
|
Identification (UID), shell, initial group, home
|
|
directory, etc.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="vigr" name="vigr"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>vigr</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Edits the <code class="filename">/etc/group</code> or
|
|
<code class="filename">/etc/gshadow</code> files
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a id="vipw" name="vipw"></a><span class=
|
|
"term"><span class=
|
|
"command"><strong>vipw</strong></span></span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Edits the <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> or
|
|
<code class="filename">/etc/shadow</code> files
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
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<li class="prev">
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<a accesskey="p" href="sed.html" title="Sed-4.2.2">Prev</a>
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<p>
|
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Sed-4.2.2
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</p>
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</li>
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<li class="next">
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<a accesskey="n" href="psmisc.html" title="Psmisc-22.21">Next</a>
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<p>
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Psmisc-22.21
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</p>
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</li>
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<li class="up">
|
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<a accesskey="u" href="chapter06.html" title=
|
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"Chapter 6. Installing Basic System Software">Up</a>
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<li class="home">
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<a accesskey="h" href="../index.html" title=
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"Linux From Scratch - Version 7.7-systemd">Home</a>
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