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791 lines
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
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<head>
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
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"application/xhtml+xml; charset=utf-8" />
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<title>
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6.25. Shadow-4.2.1
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</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../stylesheets/lfs.css" />
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<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.78.1" />
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</head>
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<body class="lfs" id="lfs-7.7-systemd">
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<div class="navheader">
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<h4>
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Linux From Scratch - Version 7.7-systemd
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</h4>
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<h3>
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第六章 安装基本的系统软件
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</h3>
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<ul>
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<li class="prev">
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<a accesskey="p" href="sed.html" title="Sed-4.2.2">上一页</a>
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<p>
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Sed-4.2.2
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</p>
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<li class="next">
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<a accesskey="n" href="psmisc.html" title="Psmisc-22.21">下一页</a>
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<p>
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Psmisc-22.21
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</p>
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</li>
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<li class="up">
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<a accesskey="u" href="chapter06.html" title=
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"第六章 安装基本的系统软件">返回</a>
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</li>
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<li class="home">
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<a accesskey="h" href="../index.html" title=
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"Linux From Scratch - Version 7.7-systemd">主页</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<div class="wrap" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
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<h1 class="sect1">
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<a id="ch-system-shadow" name="ch-system-shadow"></a>6.25.
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Shadow-4.2.1
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</h1>
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<div class="package" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
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<p>
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Shadow 软件包包含以安全方式处理密码的程序。
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</p>
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<div class="segmentedlist">
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<div class="seglistitem">
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<div class="seg">
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<strong class="segtitle">大概编译时间:</strong>
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<span class="segbody">0.2 SBU</span>
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</div>
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<div class="seg">
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<strong class="segtitle">需要磁盘空间:</strong>
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<span class="segbody">52 MB</span>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="installation" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
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<h2 class="sect2">
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6.25.1. 安装 Shadow
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</h2>
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<div class="admon note">
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<img alt="[Note]" src="../images/note.png" />
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<h3>
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注意
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</h3>
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<p>
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如果你喜欢强制使用更强的密码，在编译 Shadow 之前可以根据 <a class="ulink" href=
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"http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/systemd/postlfs/cracklib.html">
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http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/systemd/postlfs/cracklib.html</a>
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安装 CrackLib。然后在下面的 <span class="command"><strong>configure</strong></span>
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命令中增加 <em class="parameter"><code>--with-libcrack</code></em>。
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</p>
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</div>
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<p>
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取消安装 <span class=
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"command"><strong>groups</strong></span> 程序以及它的 man 文档，
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因为 Coreutils 提供了一个更好的版本：
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</p>
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<pre class="userinput">
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<kbd class="command">sed -i 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile.in
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find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/groups\.1 / /' {} \;</kbd>
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</pre>
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<p>
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<a id="shadow-login_defs" name="shadow-login_defs"></a>比起默认的
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<span class="emphasis"><em>crypt</em></span> 方法，用更安全的
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<span class=
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"emphasis"><em>SHA-512</em></span> 方法加密密码，它允许密码长度
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超过 8 个字符。也需要把 Shadow 默认使用的用户邮箱由陈旧的
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<code class=
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"filename">/var/spool/mail</code> 位置改为正在使用的<code class=
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"filename">/var/mail</code> 位置：
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</p>
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<pre class="userinput">
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<kbd class=
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"command">sed -i -e 's@#ENCRYPT_METHOD DES@ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512@' \
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-e 's@/var/spool/mail@/var/mail@' etc/login.defs</kbd>
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</pre>
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<div class="admon note">
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<img alt="[Note]" src="../images/note.png" />
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<h3>
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注意
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</h3>
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<p>
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如果你选择编译支持 Cracklib 的 Shadow，运行下面的命令：
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</p>
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<pre class="userinput">
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<kbd class=
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"command">sed -i 's@DICTPATH.*@DICTPATH\t/lib/cracklib/pw_dict@' etc/login.defs</kbd>
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</pre>
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</div>
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<p>
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做个小的改动使默认的 useradd 和 LFS 组文件一致：
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</p>
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<pre class="userinput">
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<kbd class="command">sed -i 's/1000/999/' etc/useradd</kbd>
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</pre>
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<p>
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准备编译 Shadow：
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</p>
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<pre class="userinput">
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<kbd class=
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"command">./configure --sysconfdir=/etc --with-group-name-max-length=32</kbd>
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</pre>
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<div class="variablelist">
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<p class="title">
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<strong>配置选项的含义：</strong>
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</p>
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<dl class="variablelist">
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<dt>
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<span class="term"><em class=
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"parameter"><code>--with-group-name-max-length=32</code></em></span>
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</dt>
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<dd>
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<p>
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最长用户名为 32 个字符。使组名称也一样。
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</p>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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</div>
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<p>
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编译软件包：
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</p>
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<pre class="userinput">
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<kbd class="command">make</kbd>
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</pre>
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<p>
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该软件包没有测试套件。
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</p>
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<p>
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安装软件包：
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</p>
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<pre class="userinput">
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<kbd class="command">make install</kbd>
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</pre>
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<p>
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移动错误位置的程序到正确的位置：
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</p>
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<pre class="userinput">
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<kbd class="command">mv -v /usr/bin/passwd /bin</kbd>
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</pre>
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</div>
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<div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
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<h2 class="sect2">
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<a id="conf-shadow" name="conf-shadow"></a>6.25.2. 配置 Shadow
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</h2>
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<p>
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该软件包包含增加、更改、以及删除用户和组的工具；设置和修改密码；
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进行其它特权级任务。软件包解压后的 <code class="filename">doc/HOWTO</code>
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文件有关于 <span class=
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"emphasis"><em>password shadowing</em></span> 的完整解释。如果使用
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Shadow 支持，记住需要验证密码(显示管理器、FTP 程序、pop3 守护进程，等)的程序必须和 Shadow 兼容。
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也就是说，它们要能使用 Shadow 加密的密码。
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</p>
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<p>
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运行下面的命令启用 shadow 密码；
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</p>
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<pre class="userinput">
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<kbd class="command">pwconv</kbd>
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</pre>
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<p>
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运行下面的命令启用shadow 组密码：
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</p>
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<pre class="userinput">
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<kbd class="command">grpconv</kbd>
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</pre>
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<p>
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用于 <span class=
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"command"><strong>useradd</strong></span> 工具的 Shadow 配置有一些需要解释的
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注意事项。首先，<span class="command"><strong>useradd</strong></span> 工具
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的默认操作是创建用户以及和用户名相同的组。默认用户 ID(UID) 和 组 ID(GID) 数字
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从 1000开始。这意味着如果你不传递参数给 <span class=
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"command"><strong>useradd</strong></span>，系统中的每个用户都会属于一个不同的组。
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如果不需要这样的结果，你需要传递参数 <em class=
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"parameter"><code>-g</code></em> 到 <span class=
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"command"><strong>useradd</strong></span>。默认参数保存在 <code class=
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"filename">/etc/default/useradd</code> 文件中。你需要修改该文件中的两个参数来实现你的
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特定需求。
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</p>
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<div class="variablelist">
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<p class="title">
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<strong><code class="filename">/etc/default/useradd</code>
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参数解释</strong>
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</p>
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<dl class="variablelist">
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<dt>
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<span class="term"><em class=
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"parameter"><code>GROUP=1000</code></em></span>
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</dt>
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<dd>
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<p>
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该参数设定 /etc/group 文件中使用的起始组序号。你可以把它更改
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为任何你需要的数字。注意 <span class=
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"command"><strong>useradd</strong></span> 永远不会重用 UID 或 GID。
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如果该参数指定的数字已经被使用了，会使用它之后的下一个可用数字。
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另外注意如果你系统中没有序号为 1000 的组，第一次使用<span class=
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"command"><strong>useradd</strong></span> 而没有参数 <em class="parameter"><code>-g</code></em>，
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你会在终端中看到一个提示信息：
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<code class="computeroutput">useradd: unknown GID
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1000</code>。你可以忽视这个信息然后就会使用组号 1000。
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</p>
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</dd>
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<dt>
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<span class="term"><em class=
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"parameter"><code>CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL=yes</code></em></span>
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</dt>
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<dd>
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<p>
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这个参数会为 <span class=
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"command"><strong>useradd</strong></span> 新添加的用户
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创建邮箱文件。<span class=
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"command"><strong>useradd</strong></span> 会使组 <code class=
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"systemitem">mail</code> 拥有该文件的所有权，并赋予组 0660 的权限。
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如果你希望 <span class="command"><strong>useradd</strong></span>
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不会创建这些邮箱文件，你可以运行下面的命令：
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</p>
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<pre class="userinput">
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<kbd class="command">sed -i 's/yes/no/' /etc/default/useradd</kbd>
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||
</pre>
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||
</dd>
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||
</dl>
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||
</div>
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</div>
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<div class="configuration" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
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<h2 class="sect2">
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6.25.3. 设置 root 密码
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</h2>
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<p>
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运行下面的命令为用户 <span class=
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"emphasis"><em>root</em></span> 设置密码：
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</p>
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||
<pre class="userinput">
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||
<kbd class="command">passwd root</kbd>
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||
</pre>
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||
</div>
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<div class="content" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
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<h2 class="sect2">
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<a id="contents-shadow" name="contents-shadow"></a>6.25.4. Shadow 的内容
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</h2>
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<div class="segmentedlist">
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<div class="seglistitem">
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<div class="seg">
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<strong class="segtitle">安装的程序：</strong>
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<span class="segbody">chage, chfn, chgpasswd, chpasswd, chsh,
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expiry, faillog, gpasswd, groupadd, groupdel, groupmems,
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groupmod, grpck, grpconv, grpunconv, lastlog, login, logoutd,
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newgrp, newusers, nologin, passwd, pwck, pwconv, pwunconv, sg
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(link to newgrp), su, useradd, userdel, usermod, vigr (link to
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vipw), 以及 vipw</span>
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</div>
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||
<div class="seg">
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<strong class="segtitle">安装目录：</strong>
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<span class="segbody">/etc/default</span>
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||
</div>
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||
</div>
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</div>
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<div class="variablelist">
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<h3>
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简要介绍
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||
</h3>
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<table border="0" class="variablelist">
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<colgroup>
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<col align="left" valign="top" />
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<col />
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</colgroup>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td>
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||
<p>
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<a id="chage" name="chage"></a><span class=
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"term"><span class=
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||
"command"><strong>chage</strong></span></span>
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</p>
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</td>
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<td>
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||
<p>
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||
用来更改强制性密码更新的最大天数
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</p>
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</td>
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||
</tr>
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||
<tr>
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||
<td>
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||
<p>
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||
<a id="chfn" name="chfn"></a><span class=
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||
"term"><span class=
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||
"command"><strong>chfn</strong></span></span>
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||
</p>
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||
</td>
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||
<td>
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||
<p>
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||
用来更改用户的完整名称以及其它信息
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||
</p>
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||
</td>
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||
</tr>
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||
<tr>
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||
<td>
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||
<p>
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||
<a id="chgpasswd" name="chgpasswd"></a><span class=
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||
"term"><span class=
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||
"command"><strong>chgpasswd</strong></span></span>
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||
</p>
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||
</td>
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||
<td>
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||
<p>
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||
用来以批处理模式更新组密码
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||
</p>
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||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
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||
<tr>
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||
<td>
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||
<p>
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||
<a id="chpasswd" name="chpasswd"></a><span class=
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||
"term"><span class=
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||
"command"><strong>chpasswd</strong></span></span>
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||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
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||
用来以批处理模式更新用户密码
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||
</p>
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||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="chsh" name="chsh"></a><span class=
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||
"term"><span class=
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||
"command"><strong>chsh</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
用来更改用户登录时默认使用的 shell
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="expiry" name="expiry"></a><span class=
|
||
"term"><span class=
|
||
"command"><strong>expiry</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
检查并强制执行当前密码过期策略
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="faillog" name="faillog"></a><span class=
|
||
"term"><span class=
|
||
"command"><strong>faillog</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
用来检查登录失败的日志文件，设置锁定用户的最大失败次数，
|
||
或者重置失败次数
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="gpasswd" name="gpasswd"></a><span class=
|
||
"term"><span class=
|
||
"command"><strong>gpasswd</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
用来给组增加、删除成员以及管理员
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="groupadd" name="groupadd"></a><span class=
|
||
"term"><span class=
|
||
"command"><strong>groupadd</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
用指定的名称创建组
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="groupdel" name="groupdel"></a><span class=
|
||
"term"><span class=
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||
"command"><strong>groupdel</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
用指定的名称删除组
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="groupmems" name="groupmems"></a><span class=
|
||
"term"><span class=
|
||
"command"><strong>groupmems</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
允许用户管理他/她自己的组成员列表而不需要超级用户权限。
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="groupmod" name="groupmod"></a><span class=
|
||
"term"><span class=
|
||
"command"><strong>groupmod</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
用于更改指定组的名称或 GID
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="grpck" name="grpck"></a><span class=
|
||
"term"><span class=
|
||
"command"><strong>grpck</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
验证组文件<code class=
|
||
"filename">/etc/group</code> 和 <code class=
|
||
"filename">/etc/gshadow</code> 的完整性
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="grpconv" name="grpconv"></a><span class=
|
||
"term"><span class=
|
||
"command"><strong>grpconv</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
从普通组文件创建或升级 shadow 组文件
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="grpunconv" name="grpunconv"></a><span class=
|
||
"term"><span class=
|
||
"command"><strong>grpunconv</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
从 <code class="filename">/etc/gshadow</code> 升级
|
||
<code class="filename">/etc/group</code> 然后删除前者
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="lastlog" name="lastlog"></a><span class=
|
||
"term"><span class=
|
||
"command"><strong>lastlog</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
报告所有用户或指定用户的最近一次登录
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="login" name="login"></a><span class=
|
||
"term"><span class=
|
||
"command"><strong>login</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
系统用于允许用户登录
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="logoutd" name="logoutd"></a><span class=
|
||
"term"><span class=
|
||
"command"><strong>logoutd</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
用于强制限制登录时间和端口的守护进程
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="newgrp" name="newgrp"></a><span class=
|
||
"term"><span class=
|
||
"command"><strong>newgrp</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
用于在一次登录会话中更改当前 GID
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="newusers" name="newusers"></a><span class=
|
||
"term"><span class=
|
||
"command"><strong>newusers</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
用于创建或更新整个系列的用户账户
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="nologin" name="nologin"></a><span class=
|
||
"term"><span class=
|
||
"command"><strong>nologin</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
显示账户不可用信息；设计来作为不可用账户登录的默认 shell
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="passwd" name="passwd"></a><span class=
|
||
"term"><span class=
|
||
"command"><strong>passwd</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
用来更改用户或组账户的密码
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="pwck" name="pwck"></a><span class=
|
||
"term"><span class=
|
||
"command"><strong>pwck</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
验证密码文件 <code class=
|
||
"filename">/etc/passwd</code> 和 <code class=
|
||
"filename">/etc/shadow</code> 的完整性
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="pwconv" name="pwconv"></a><span class=
|
||
"term"><span class=
|
||
"command"><strong>pwconv</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
从普通密码文件创建或升级 shadow 密码文件
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="pwunconv" name="pwunconv"></a><span class=
|
||
"term"><span class=
|
||
"command"><strong>pwunconv</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
从 <code class="filename">/etc/shadow</code> 升级
|
||
<code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> 然后删除前者
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="sg" name="sg"></a><span class="term"><span class=
|
||
"command"><strong>sg</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
当用户的 GID 被设置为指定组的 GID 时执行一个特定命令
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="su" name="su"></a><span class="term"><span class=
|
||
"command"><strong>su</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
用替换的用户和组 ID 运行 Shell
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="useradd" name="useradd"></a><span class=
|
||
"term"><span class=
|
||
"command"><strong>useradd</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
用指定的名称新建用户或更新新用户的默认信息
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="userdel" name="userdel"></a><span class=
|
||
"term"><span class=
|
||
"command"><strong>userdel</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
删除指定的用户账户
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="usermod" name="usermod"></a><span class=
|
||
"term"><span class=
|
||
"command"><strong>usermod</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
用于更改指定用户的登录名称、UID、shell、初始组、home 目录，等
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="vigr" name="vigr"></a><span class=
|
||
"term"><span class=
|
||
"command"><strong>vigr</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
编辑 <code class="filename">/etc/group</code> 或
|
||
<code class="filename">/etc/gshadow</code> 文件
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a id="vipw" name="vipw"></a><span class=
|
||
"term"><span class=
|
||
"command"><strong>vipw</strong></span></span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
<p>
|
||
编辑 <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> 或
|
||
<code class="filename">/etc/shadow</code> 文件
|
||
</p>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="navfooter">
|
||
<div class="book">
|
||
<div class="titlepage">
|
||
<div class="author">
|
||
<span class="firstname">翻译团队：<a href="http://lctt.github.io/" target="_blank">LCTT</a></span>
|
||
<span class="surname">译者/校对：<a href="http://github.com/ictlyh" target="_blank">ictlyh</a>,</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
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|
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<li class="prev">
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Sed-4.2.2
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<a accesskey="n" href="psmisc.html" title="Psmisc-22.21">下一页</a>
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Psmisc-22.21
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<a accesskey="u" href="chapter06.html" title=
|
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"第六章 安装基本的系统软件">返回</a>
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"Linux From Scratch - Version 7.7-systemd">主页</a>
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