LFS_Book/chapter07/usage.xml

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<sect1 id="ch-scripts-usage" revision="sysv">
  <?dbhtml filename="usage.html"?>

  <title>Настройка и использование System V Bootscript</title>

  <indexterm zone="ch-scripts-usage">
    <primary sortas="a-Bootscripts">Bootscripts</primary>
    <secondary>usage</secondary>
  </indexterm>

  <sect2>
    <title>Как работает System V Bootscripts?</title>

    <para>В Linux используется специальное средство загрузки SysVinit, основанное на концепции уровней выполнения (<emphasis>run-levels</emphasis>). Он может сильно отличаться от одной системы к другой, поэтому нельзя предположить, что, корректная работа  в одном дистрибутиве Linux, должны работать одинаково и в LFS. У LFS есть свой собственный способ управления, но она уважает общепринятые стандарты.</para>

    <para>SysVinit (который теперь будет называться <quote>init</quote>) работает по схеме уровней выполнения. Есть семь (пронумерованных от 0 до 6) уровней выполнения (на самом деле, есть больше уровней выполнения, но они предназначены для особых случаев и обычно не используются. См. <filename>init(8)</filename> Для получения более подробной информации), и каждый из них соответствует действиям, которые компьютер должен выполнять при запуске. Уровень запуска по умолчанию-3. Ниже приведены описания различных уровней запуска по мере их реализации:</para>

<literallayout>0: остановить компьютер
1: однопользовательский режим
2: многопользовательский режим без сети
3: многопользовательский режим с сетью
4: зарезервированный для настроек, в ином случае аналогичен уровню 3
5: аналогичен уровню 3 4, обычно используется для GUI авторизации (например <command>xdm</command> или <command>kdm</command>)
6: перезагрузка компьютера</literallayout>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="conf-sysvinit" role="configuration">
  <title>Настройка Sysvinit</title>

  <indexterm zone="conf-sysvinit">
    <primary sortas="a-Sysvinit">Sysvinit</primary>
    <secondary>configuring</secondary>
  </indexterm>

  <indexterm zone="conf-sysvinit">
    <primary sortas="e-/etc/inittab">/etc/inittab</primary>
  </indexterm>

  <para>Во время инициализации ядра первая запущенная программа указывается либо в командной строке, либо по умолчанию в init. Эта программа читает файл инициализации <filename>/etc/inittab</filename>. Создайте этот файл:</para>

<screen><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/inittab &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/inittab

id:3:initdefault:

si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc S

l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 0
l1:S1:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 1
l2:2:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 2
l3:3:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 3
l4:4:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 4
l5:5:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 5
l6:6:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 6

ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now

su:S016:once:/sbin/sulogin

1:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty --noclear tty1 9600
2:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty2 9600
3:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty3 9600
4:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty4 9600
5:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty5 9600
6:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty6 9600

# End /etc/inittab</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

  <para>Объяснение содержимого файла инициализации находится на справочных страницах <emphasis>inittab</emphasis>. Для LFS ключевой командой является rc. В приведенном выше файле инициализации rc будет выполнять все сценарии, начиная с символа S в каталоге <filename class="directory">/etc/rc.d/rcS.d</filename>, за которым следуют все скрипты, начинающиеся с S в /etc/rc.d / rc?.D каталог, в котором знак вопроса задается значением initdefault.</para>

  <para>Для удобства, сценарий <command>rc</command> считывает функции из библиотеки <filename class="directory">/lib/lsb/init-functions</filename>. Библиотека, в свою очередь, считывает опциональные файлы конфигурации из файла <filename>/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</filename>. Любой из системных конфигурационных файлов описанных в последующих разделах можно, в качестве альтернативы, поместить в этот файл, что позволит объединить все системные параметры в один файл.</para>

  <para>Для удобства отладки, функции сценария журналируют весь вывод в файл <filename>/run/var/bootlog</filename>. Поскольку каталог <filename
  class="directory">/run</filename> является tmpfs, файла может не быть, в процессе загрузки, однако уго содержимое добавляется к фиксированному файлу <filename>/var/log/boot.log</filename> при завершении процесса загрузки.</para>

  <sect3 id="init-levels" >
  <title>Изменение уровней выполнения (Run Levels)</title>

  <para>Изменить уровень выполнения можно с помощью команды <command>init
  <replaceable>&lt;runlevel&gt;</replaceable></command>, где <replaceable>&lt;runlevel&gt;</replaceable> - будет целевым уровнем выполнения. Например, чтобы перезагрузить компьютер, пользователь должен выполнить команду  <command>init 6</command>, которая является псевдонимом команды <command>reboot</command>. Аналогично, init 0 является псевдонимом команды <command>halt</command>.</para>

  <para>В каталоге <filename
  class="directory">/etc/rc.d</filename> есть ещё несколько каталогов, которые выглядят как <filename
  class="directory">rc?.d</filename> (где ? номер уровня выполнения) и каталог <filename class="directory">rcsysinit.d</filename>, содержащий некоторый набор символических ссылок. Некоторые начинаются с K, другие начинаются с S, и все они имеют два числа после начальной буквы. K означает остановить (kill) службу, а S означает запустить службу. Числа определяют порядок выполнения сценариев от 00 до 99 - чем меньше число, тем раньше он запустится.  Когда <command>init</command> переключается на другой уровень выполнения, соответствующие службы запускаются или останавливаются в зависимости от выбранного уровня запуска.</para>

  <para>Реальные сценарии находятся в каталоге <filename
  class="directory">/etc/rc.d/init.d</filename>. Они выполняют фактическую работу, и символические ссылки указывают на них. Ссылки  К и ссылки S указывают на тот же сценарий в <filename
  class="directory">/etc/rc.d/init.d</filename>. Это связано с тем, что сценарии можно вызывать с различными параметрами, такими как <parameter>start</parameter>, <parameter>stop</parameter>,
  <parameter>restart</parameter>, <parameter>reload</parameter>, и
  <parameter>status</parameter>. Когда встречается ссылка K, соответствующий скрипт запускается с аргументом <parameter>stop</parameter>. Когда встречается S-ссылка, соответствующий скрипт запускается с аргументом <parameter>start</parameter>.</para>

  <para>Есть одно исключение. Ссылки, которые начинаются с <emphasis>S</emphasis> в каталогах <filename
  class="directory">rc0.d</filename> и <filename
  class="directory">rc6.d</filename>, не будут запускать что-либо. Они будут вызываться с параметром <parameter>stop</parameter>, для того, чтобы остановить какую либо службу. Логика этого заключается в том, что когда пользователь собирается перезагрузить или остановить систему, при этом, ему ничего не нужно запускать. Систему нужно только остановить.</para>

  <para>Ниже приведены описания к аргументам для сценариев и их значения:</para>

  <variablelist>

    <varlistentry>
      <term><parameter>start</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
        <para>Служба запущена</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term><parameter>stop</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
        <para>Служба остановлена</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term><parameter>restart</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
        <para>Остановка службы и затем повторный её запуск</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term><parameter>reload</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
        <para>Конфигурация службы была обновлена. Используется  после того, как файлы конфигурации были обновлены, когда службу не нужно перезапускать.</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term><parameter>status</parameter></term>
      <listitem>
        <para>Сообщает, работает ли служба и какие ей назначены PID</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

  </variablelist>

  <para>Не стесняйтесь изменять способ загрузки процесса (в конце концов,
   это ваша собственная система LFS). Приведенные здесь файлы являются примером того, как
   это можно сделать.</para>

  </sect3>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
    <title>Udev Bootscripts</title>

      <para>The <filename>/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev</filename> initscript starts
      <command>udevd</command>, triggers any "coldplug" devices that have
      already been created by the kernel and waits for any rules to complete.
      The script also unsets the uevent handler from the default of
      <filename>/sbin/hotplug </filename>.  This is done because the kernel no
      longer needs to call out to an external binary.  Instead
      <command>udevd</command> will listen on a netlink socket for uevents that
      the kernel raises.</para>

      <para>The <command>/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev_retry</command> initscript takes
      care of re-triggering events for subsystems whose rules may rely on
      filesystems that are not mounted until the <command>mountfs</command>
      script is run (in particular, <filename class="directory">/usr</filename>
      and <filename class="directory">/var</filename> may cause this).  This
      script runs after the <command>mountfs</command> script, so those rules
      (if re-triggered) should succeed the second time around.  It is
      configured from the <filename>/etc/sysconfig/udev_retry</filename> file;
      any words in this file other than comments are considered subsystem names
      to trigger at retry time.  To find the subsystem of a device, use
      <command>udevadm info --attribute-walk &lt;device&gt;</command> where
      &lt;device&gt; is an absolute path in /dev or /sys such as /dev/sr0 or
      /sys/class/rtc.</para>
	<para>For information on kernel module loading and udev, see
      <xref linkend="module-loading"/>.</para>
<!--
    <sect3>
      <title>Module Loading</title>

      <para>Device drivers compiled as modules may have aliases built into them.
      Aliases are visible in the output of the <command>modinfo</command>
      program and are usually related to the bus-specific identifiers of devices
      supported by a module. For example, the <emphasis>snd-fm801</emphasis>
      driver supports PCI devices with vendor ID 0x1319 and device ID 0x0801,
      and has an alias of <quote>pci:v00001319d00000801sv*sd*bc04sc01i*</quote>.
      For most devices, the bus driver exports the alias of the driver that
      would handle the device via <systemitem
      class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem>. E.g., the
      <filename>/sys/bus/pci/devices/0000:00:0d.0/modalias</filename> file
      might contain the string
      <quote>pci:v00001319d00000801sv00001319sd00001319bc04sc01i00</quote>.
      The default rules provided with Udev will cause <command>udevd</command>
      to call out to <command>/sbin/modprobe</command> with the contents of the
      <envar>MODALIAS</envar> uevent environment variable (which should be the
      same as the contents of the <filename>modalias</filename> file in sysfs),
      thus loading all modules whose aliases match this string after wildcard
      expansion.</para>

      <para>In this example, this means that, in addition to
      <emphasis>snd-fm801</emphasis>, the obsolete (and unwanted)
      <emphasis>forte</emphasis> driver will be loaded if it is
      available. See below for ways in which the loading of unwanted drivers can
      be prevented.</para>

      <para>The kernel itself is also able to load modules for network
      protocols, filesystems and NLS support on demand.</para>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
      <title>Handling Hotpluggable/Dynamic Devices</title>

      <para>When you plug in a device, such as a Universal Serial Bus (USB) MP3
      player, the kernel recognizes that the device is now connected and
      generates a uevent. This uevent is then handled by
      <command>udevd</command> as described above.</para>

    </sect3>
	 -->
  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="ch-scripts-clock">
    <title>Configuring the System Clock</title>

    <indexterm zone="ch-scripts-clock">
      <primary sortas="d-scripts-setclock">setclock</primary>
    <secondary>configuring</secondary></indexterm>

    <para>The <command>setclock</command> script reads the time from the hardware
    clock, also known as the BIOS or the Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
    (CMOS) clock. If the hardware clock is set to UTC, this script will convert the
    hardware clock's time to the local time using the
    <filename>/etc/localtime</filename> file (which tells the
    <command>hwclock</command> program which timezone the user is in). There is no
    way to detect whether or not the hardware clock is set to UTC, so this
    needs to be configured manually.</para>

    <para>The <command>setclock</command> is run via
    <application>udev</application> when the kernel detects the hardware
    capability upon boot.  It can also be run manually with the stop parameter to
    store the system time to the CMOS clock.</para>

    <para>If you cannot remember whether or not the hardware clock is set to UTC,
    find out by running the <userinput>hwclock --localtime --show</userinput>
    command. This will display what the current time is according to the hardware
    clock. If this time matches whatever your watch says, then the hardware clock is
    set to local time. If the output from <command>hwclock</command> is not local
    time, chances are it is set to UTC time. Verify this by adding or subtracting
    the proper amount of hours for the timezone to the time shown by
    <command>hwclock</command>. For example, if you are currently in the MST
    timezone, which is also known as GMT -0700, add seven hours to the local
    time.</para>

    <para>Change the value of the <envar>UTC</envar> variable below
    to a value of <parameter>0</parameter> (zero) if the hardware clock
    is <emphasis>not</emphasis> set to UTC time.</para>

    <para>Create a new file <filename>/etc/sysconfig/clock</filename> by running
    the following:</para>

<screen><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/clock &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/sysconfig/clock

UTC=1

# Set this to any options you might need to give to hwclock,
# such as machine hardware clock type for Alphas.
CLOCKPARAMS=

# End /etc/sysconfig/clock</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

    <para>A good hint explaining how to deal with time on LFS is available
    at <ulink url="&hints-root;time.txt"/>. It explains issues such as
    time zones, UTC, and the <envar>TZ</envar> environment variable.</para>

    <note><para>The CLOCKPARAMS and UTC paramaters may be alternatively set
    in the <filename>/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</filename> file.</para></note>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="ch-scripts-console">
  <?dbhtml filename="console.html"?>

  <title>Configuring the Linux Console</title>

  <indexterm zone="ch-scripts-console">
    <primary sortas="d-console">console</primary>
    <secondary>configuring</secondary>
  </indexterm>

  <para>This section discusses how to configure the <command>console</command>
  bootscript that sets up the keyboard map, console font and console kernel log
  level. If non-ASCII characters (e.g., the copyright sign, the British pound
  sign and Euro symbol) will not be used and the keyboard is a U.S. one, much
  of this section can be skipped. Without the configuration file, (or
  equivalent settings in <filename>rc.site</filename>), the
  <command>console</command> bootscript will do nothing.</para>

  <para>The <command>console</command> script reads the
  <filename>/etc/sysconfig/console</filename> file for configuration
  information.  Decide which keymap and screen font will be used. Various
  language-specific HOWTOs can also help with this, see <ulink
  url="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/other-lang.html"/>. If still in
  doubt, look in the <filename class="directory">/usr/share/keymaps</filename>
  and <filename class="directory">/usr/share/consolefonts</filename> directories
  for valid keymaps and screen fonts. Read <filename>loadkeys(1)</filename> and
  <filename>setfont(8)</filename> manual pages to determine the correct
  arguments for these programs.</para>

  <para>The <filename>/etc/sysconfig/console</filename> file should contain lines
  of the form: VARIABLE="value". The following variables are recognized:</para>
  <variablelist>

    <varlistentry>
      <term>LOGLEVEL</term>
      <listitem>
        <para>This variable specifies the log level for kernel messages sent
        to the console as set by <command>dmesg</command>. Valid levels are
        from "1" (no messages) to "8". The default level is "7".</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term>KEYMAP</term>
      <listitem>
        <para>This variable specifies the arguments for the
        <command>loadkeys</command> program, typically, the name of keymap
        to load, e.g., <quote>it</quote>. If this variable is not set, the
        bootscript will not run the <command>loadkeys</command> program,
        and the default kernel keymap will be used.  Note that a few keymaps
        have multiple versions with the same name (cz and its variants in
        qwerty/ and qwertz/, es in olpc/ and qwerty/, and trf in fgGIod/ and
        qwerty/). In these cases the parent directory should also be specified
        (e.g. qwerty/es) to ensure the proper keymap is loaded.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term>KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS</term>
      <listitem>
        <para>This (rarely used) variable
        specifies the arguments for the second call to the
        <command>loadkeys</command> program. This is useful if the stock keymap
        is not completely satisfactory and a small adjustment has to be made. E.g.,
        to include the Euro sign into a keymap that normally doesn't have it,
        set this variable to <quote>euro2</quote>.</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term>FONT</term>
      <listitem>
        <para>This variable specifies the arguments for the
        <command>setfont</command> program. Typically, this includes the font
        name, <quote>-m</quote>, and the name of the application character
        map to load. E.g., in order to load the <quote>lat1-16</quote> font
        together with the <quote>8859-1</quote> application character map
        (as it is appropriate in the USA),
        <!-- because of the copyright sign -->
        set this variable to <quote>lat1-16 -m 8859-1</quote>.
        In UTF-8 mode, the kernel uses the application character map for
        conversion of composed 8-bit key codes in the keymap to UTF-8, and thus
        the argument of the "-m" parameter should be set to the encoding of the
        composed key codes in the keymap.</para>

      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term>UNICODE</term>
      <listitem>
        <para>Set this variable to <quote>1</quote>, <quote>yes</quote> or
        <quote>true</quote> in order to put the
        console into UTF-8 mode. This is useful in UTF-8 based locales and
        harmful otherwise.</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
      <term>LEGACY_CHARSET</term>
      <listitem>
        <para>For many keyboard layouts, there is no stock Unicode keymap in
        the Kbd package. The <command>console</command> bootscript will
        convert an available keymap to UTF-8 on the fly if this variable is
        set to the encoding of the available non-UTF-8 keymap.</para>
      </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

  </variablelist>

  <para>Some examples:</para>

  <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
      <para>For a non-Unicode setup, only the KEYMAP and FONT variables are
      generally needed. E.g., for a Polish setup, one would use:</para>
<screen role="nodump"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/console &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console

KEYMAP="pl2"
FONT="lat2a-16 -m 8859-2"

# End /etc/sysconfig/console</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>As mentioned above, it is sometimes necessary to adjust a
      stock keymap slightly. The following example adds the Euro symbol to the
      German keymap:</para>

<screen role="nodump"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/console &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console

KEYMAP="de-latin1"
KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS="euro2"
FONT="lat0-16 -m 8859-15"
UNICODE=1

# End /etc/sysconfig/console</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>
    </listitem>

        <listitem>
      <para>The following is a Unicode-enabled example for Bulgarian, where a
      stock UTF-8 keymap exists:</para>
<!-- This is what is used by jhalfs for creating the console file: whenever
     you change the following, please inform the jhalfs maintainer(s). -->
<screen><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/console &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console

UNICODE="1"
KEYMAP="bg_bds-utf8"
FONT="LatArCyrHeb-16"

# End /etc/sysconfig/console</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Due to the use of a 512-glyph LatArCyrHeb-16 font in the previous
      example, bright colors are no longer available on the Linux console unless
      a framebuffer is used. If one wants to have bright colors without
      framebuffer and can live without characters not belonging to his language,
      it is still possible to use a language-specific 256-glyph font, as
      illustrated below:</para>

<screen role="nodump"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/console &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console

UNICODE="1"
KEYMAP="bg_bds-utf8"
FONT="cyr-sun16"

# End /etc/sysconfig/console</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>The following example illustrates keymap autoconversion from
      ISO-8859-15 to UTF-8 and enabling dead keys in Unicode mode:</para>

<screen role="nodump"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/sysconfig/console &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/sysconfig/console

UNICODE="1"
KEYMAP="de-latin1"
KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS="euro2"
LEGACY_CHARSET="iso-8859-15"
FONT="LatArCyrHeb-16 -m 8859-15"

# End /etc/sysconfig/console</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>Some keymaps have dead keys (i.e., keys that don't produce a
      character by themselves, but put an accent on the character produced
      by the next key) or define composition rules (such as: <quote>press
      Ctrl+. A E to get &AElig;</quote> in the default keymap).
      Linux-&linux-version; interprets dead keys and composition rules in the
      keymap correctly only when the source characters to be composed together
      are not multibyte. This deficiency doesn't affect keymaps for European
      languages, because there accents are added to unaccented ASCII
      characters, or two ASCII characters are composed together. However, in
      UTF-8 mode it is a problem, e.g., for the Greek language, where one
      sometimes needs to put an accent on the letter <quote>alpha</quote>.
      The solution is either to avoid the use of UTF-8, or to install the
      X window system that doesn't have this limitation in its input
      handling.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>For Chinese, Japanese, Korean and some other languages, the Linux
      console cannot be configured to display the needed characters. Users
      who need such languages should install the X Window System, fonts that
      cover the necessary character ranges, and the proper input method (e.g.,
      SCIM, it supports a wide variety of languages).</para>
    </listitem>

  </itemizedlist>

  <!-- Added because folks keep posting their console file with X questions
  to blfs-support list -->
  <note>
    <para>The <filename>/etc/sysconfig/console</filename> file only controls
    the Linux text console localization. It has nothing to do with setting
    the proper keyboard layout and terminal fonts in the X Window System, with
    ssh sessions or with a serial console. In such situations, limitations
    mentioned in the last two list items above do not apply.</para>
  </note>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="ch-scripts-createfiles">
    <title>Creating Files at Boot</title>

    <indexterm zone="ch-scripts-createfiles">
      <primary sortas="d-createfiles">File creation at boot</primary>
      <secondary>configuring</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>At times, it is desired to create files at boot time.  For instance,
    the <filename class="directory">/tmp/.ICE-unix</filename> directory
    may be desired.  This can be done by creating an entry in the
    <filename>/etc/sysconfig/createfiles</filename> configuration script.
    The format of this file is embedded in the comments of the default
    configuration file.</para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="ch-scripts-sysklogd">
    <title>Configuring the sysklogd Script</title>

    <indexterm zone="ch-scripts-sysklogd">
      <primary sortas="d-sysklogd">sysklogd</primary>
      <secondary>configuring</secondary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>The <filename>sysklogd</filename> script invokes the
    <command>syslogd</command> program as a part of System V initialization.  The
    <parameter>-m 0</parameter> option turns off the periodic timestamp mark that
    <command>syslogd</command> writes to the log files every 20 minutes by
    default.  If you want to turn on this periodic timestamp mark, edit
    <filename>/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</filename> and define the variable
    SYSKLOGD_PARMS to the desired value.  For instance, to remove all parameters,
    set the variable to a null value:</para>

<screen role="nodump">SYSKLOGD_PARMS=</screen>

    <para>See <userinput>man syslogd</userinput> for more options.</para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="ch-scripts-site">
    <title>Файл rc.site</title>

    <indexterm zone="ch-scripts-site">
      <primary sortas="a-rc.site">rc.site</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>The optional <filename>/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</filename> file contains
    settings that are automatically set for each SystemV boot script.  It can
    alternatively set the values specified in the <filename>hostname</filename>,
    <filename>console</filename>, and <filename>clock</filename> files in the
    <filename class='directory'>/etc/sysconfig/</filename> directory.  If the
    associated variables are present in both these separate files and
    <filename>rc.site</filename>, the values in the script specific files have
    precedence. </para>

    <para><filename>rc.site</filename> also contains parameters that can
    customize other aspects of the boot process.  Setting the IPROMPT variable
    will enable selective running of bootscripts.  Other options are described
    in the file comments.  The default version of the file is as follows:</para>

    <!-- Use role to fix a pdf generation problem -->
    <screen role="auto">&site;</screen>

    <sect3>
      <title>Customizing the Boot and Shutdown Scripts</title>

      <para>The LFS boot scripts boot and shut down a system in a fairly
      efficient manner, but there are a few tweaks that you can make in the
      rc.site file to improve speed even more and to adjust messages according
      to your preferences. To do this, adjust the settings in
      the <filename>/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</filename> file above.</para>

      <itemizedlist>

      <listitem><para>During the boot script <filename>udev</filename>, there is
      a call to <command>udev settle</command> that requires some time to
      complete. This time may or may not be required depending on devices present
      in the system.  If you only have simple partitions and a single ethernet
      card, the boot process will probably not need to wait for this command.  To
      skip it, set the variable OMIT_UDEV_SETTLE=y.</para></listitem>

      <listitem><para>The boot script <filename>udev_retry</filename> also runs
      <command>udev settle</command> by default.  This command is only needed by
      default if the <filename class='directory'>/var</filename> directory is
      separately mounted.  This is because the clock needs the file
      <filename>/var/lib/hwclock/adjtime</filename>.  Other customizations may
      also need to wait for udev to complete, but in many installations it is not
      needed.  Skip the command by setting the variable OMIT_UDEV_RETRY_SETTLE=y.
      </para></listitem>

      <listitem><para>By default, the file system checks are silent.  This can
      appear to be a delay during the bootup process.  To turn on the
      <command>fsck</command> output, set the variable VERBOSE_FSCK=y.
      </para></listitem>

      <listitem><para>When rebooting, you may want to skip the filesystem check,
      <command>fsck</command>, completely.  To do this, either create the file
      <filename>/fastboot</filename> or reboot the system with the command
      <command>/sbin/shutdown -f -r now</command>.  On the other hand, you can
      force all file systems to be checked by creating
      <filename>/forcefsck</filename> or running <command>shutdown</command> with
      the <parameter>-F</parameter> parameter instead of <parameter>-f</parameter>.
      </para>

      <para>Setting the variable FASTBOOT=y will disable <command>fsck</command>
      during the boot process until it is removed.  This is not recommended
      on a permanent basis.</para></listitem>

      <listitem><para>Normally, all files in the <filename
      class='directory'>/tmp</filename> directory are deleted at boot time.
      Depending on the number of files or directories present, this can cause a
      noticeable delay in the boot process.  To skip removing these files set the
      variable SKIPTMPCLEAN=y.</para></listitem>

      <listitem><para>During shutdown, the <command>init</command> program sends
      a TERM signal to each program it has started (e.g. agetty), waits for a set
      time (default 3 seconds), and sends each process a KILL signal and waits
      again.  This process is repeated in the <command>sendsignals</command>
      script for any processes that are not shut down by their own scripts.  The
      delay for <command>init</command> can be set by passing a parameter.  For
      example to remove the delay in <command>init</command>, pass the -t0
      parameter when shutting down or rebooting (e.g.  <command>/sbin/shutdown
      -t0 -r now</command>).  The delay for the  <command>sendsignals</command>
      script can be skipped by setting the parameter
      KILLDELAY=0.</para></listitem>

      </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>
  </sect2>
</sect1>