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<li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href="">Basic usage</a></li>
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<div class="section" id="basic-usage">
<h1>Basic usage<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-usage" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<div class="section" id="connecting">
<h2>Connecting<a class="headerlink" href="#connecting" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The basic usage of MariaDB Connector/Python is similar to other database drivers which
implement DB API 2.0 (PEP-249).</p>
<p>Below is a simple example of a typical use of MariaDB Connector/Python</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">mariadb</span>
<span class="c1"># connection parameters</span>
<span class="n">conn_params</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;user&quot;</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;example_user&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;password&quot;</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;GHbe_Su3B8&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;host&quot;</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;localhost&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;database&quot;</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;test&quot;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1"># Establish a connection</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mariadb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">conn_params</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># Populate countries table with some data</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;INSERT INTO countries(name, country_code, capital) VALUES (?,?,?)&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Germany&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;GER&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Berlin&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="c1"># retrieve data</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;SELECT name, country_code, capital FROM countries&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># print content</span>
<span class="n">row</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fetchone</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sep</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39; &#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># free resources</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><em>Output</em>:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>Germany GER Berlin
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Before MariaDB Connector/Python can be used, the MariaDB Connector/Python module must be
imported.
Once the mariadb module is loaded, a connection to a database server will be established
using the method <a class="reference internal" href="module.html#mariadb.connect" title="mariadb.connect"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">connect()</span></code></a>.</p>
<p>In order to be able to communicate with the database server in the form of SQL statements,
a cursor object must be created first.</p>
<p>The method name cursor may be a little misleading: unlike a cursor in MariaDB that can only
read and return data, a cursor in Python can be used for all types of SQL statements.</p>
<p>After creating the table mytest, everything is ready to insert some data: Column values
that are to be inserted in the database are identified by place holders, the data is then passed in
the form of a tuple as a second parameter.</p>
<p>After creating and populating the table mytest the cursor will be used to retrieve the data.</p>
<p>At the end we free resources and close cursor and connection.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="passing-parameters-to-sql-statements">
<h2>Passing parameters to SQL statements<a class="headerlink" href="#passing-parameters-to-sql-statements" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>As shown in previous example, passing parameters to SQL statements happens by using placeholders in the statement. By default
MariaDB Connector/Python uses a question mark as a placeholder, for compatibility reason also %s placeholders are supported.
Passing parameters is supported in methods <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">execute()</span></code> and <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">executemany()</span></code> of the cursor class.</p>
<p>Since MariaDB Connector/Python uses binary protocol, escaping strings or binary data like in other database drivers is not required.</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">mariadb</span>
<span class="c1"># connection parameters</span>
<span class="n">conn_params</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;user&quot;</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;example_user&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;password&quot;</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;GHbe_Su3B8&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;host&quot;</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;localhost&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;database&quot;</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;test&quot;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1"># Establish a connection</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mariadb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">conn_params</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">sql</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;INSERT INTO countries (name, country_code, capital) VALUES (?,?,?)&quot;</span>
<span class="n">data</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Germany&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;GER&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Berlin&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">commit</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># delete last entry</span>
<span class="n">sql</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;DELETE FROM countries WHERE country_code=?&quot;</span>
<span class="n">data</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;GER&quot;</span><span class="p">,)</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">commit</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Often there is a requirement to update, delete or insert multiple records. This could be done be using <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">execute()</span></code> in
a loop, but much more effective is using the <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">executemany()</span></code> method, especially when using a MariaDB database server 10.2 and above, which supports a special “bulk” protocol. The executemany() works similar to execute(), but accepts data as a list of tuples:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">mariadb</span>
<span class="c1"># connection parameters</span>
<span class="n">conn_params</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;user&quot;</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;example_user&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;password&quot;</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;GHbe_Su3B8&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;host&quot;</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;localhost&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;database&quot;</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;test&quot;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1"># Establish a connection</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mariadb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">conn_params</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">sql</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;INSERT INTO countries (name, country_code, capital) VALUES (?,?,?)&quot;</span>
<span class="n">data</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Ireland&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;IE&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Dublin&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Italy&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;IT&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Rome&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Malaysia&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;MY&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Kuala Lumpur&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;France&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;FR&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Paris&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Iceland&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;IS&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Reykjavik&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Nepal&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;NP&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Kathmandu&quot;</span><span class="p">)]</span>
<span class="c1"># insert data</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">executemany</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Since autocommit is off by default, we need to commit last transaction</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">commit</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># Instead of 3 letter country-code, we inserted 2 letter country code, so</span>
<span class="c1"># let&#39;s fix this mistake by updating data</span>
<span class="n">sql</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;UPDATE countries SET country_code=? WHERE name=?&quot;</span>
<span class="n">data</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Ireland&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;IRL&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Italy&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;ITA&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Malaysia&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;MYS&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;France&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;FRA&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Iceland&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;ISL&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Nepal&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;NPL&quot;</span><span class="p">)]</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">executemany</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Now let&#39;s delete all non European countries</span>
<span class="n">sql</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;DELETE FROM countries WHERE name=?&quot;</span>
<span class="n">data</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Malaysia&quot;</span><span class="p">,),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Nepal&quot;</span><span class="p">,)]</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">executemany</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># by default autocommit is off, so we need to commit</span>
<span class="c1"># our transactions</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">commit</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># free resources</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>When using executemany(), there are a few restrictions:
- All tuples must have the same types as in first tuple. E.g. the parameter [(1),(1.0)] or [(1),(None)] are invalid.
- Special values like None or column default value needs to be indicated by an indicator.</p>
<div class="section" id="using-indicators">
<h3>Using indicators<a class="headerlink" href="#using-indicators" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>In certain situations, for example when inserting default values or NULL, special indicators must be used.</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">mariadb</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mariadb.constants</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">mariadb</span>
<span class="c1"># connection parameters</span>
<span class="n">conn_params</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;user&quot;</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;example_user&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;password&quot;</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;GHbe_Su3B8&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;host&quot;</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;localhost&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;database&quot;</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;test&quot;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1"># Establish a connection</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mariadb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">conn_params</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cursor</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;DROP TABLE IF EXISTS cakes&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;CREATE TABLE cakes(id int, cake varchar(100), price decimal(10,2) default 1.99)&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">sql</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;INSERT INTO cakes (id, cake, price) VALUES (?,?,?)&quot;</span>
<span class="n">data</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Cherry Cake&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">2.10</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Apple Cake&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">INDICATOR</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DEFAULT</span><span class="p">)]</span>
<span class="n">cursor</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">executemany</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<dl class="simple">
<dt>Beside the default indicator which inserts the default value of 1.99, the following indicators are supported:</dt><dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>INDICATOR.IGNORE: Ignores the value (only update commands)</p></li>
<li><p>INDICATOR.NULL: Value is NULL</p></li>
<li><p>INDICATOR.IGNORE_ROW: Don’t update or insert row</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Mixing different parameter styles is not supported and will raise an exception</p></li>
<li><p>The Python string operator % must not be used. The <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">execute()</span></code> method accepts a tuple or list as second parameter.</p></li>
<li><p>Placeholders between quotation marks are interpreted as a string.</p></li>
<li><p>Parameters for <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">execute()</span></code> needs to be passed as a tuple. If only one parameter will be passed, tuple needs to contain a comma at the end.</p></li>
<li><p>Parameters for <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">executemany()</span></code> need to be passed as a list of tuples.</p></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="supported-data-types">
<h4>Supported Data types<a class="headerlink" href="#supported-data-types" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h4>
<p>Several standard python types are converted into SQL types and returned as Python objects when a statement is executed.</p>
<table class="docutils align-left" id="id1">
<caption><span class="caption-text">Supported Data Types</span><a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Permalink to this table"></a></caption>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 50%" />
<col style="width: 50%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Python type</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>SQL type</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>None</p></td>
<td><p>NULL</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Bool</p></td>
<td><p>TINYINT</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Float, Double</p></td>
<td><p>DOUBLE</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Decimal</p></td>
<td><p>DECIMAL</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Long</p></td>
<td><p>TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT, BIGINT</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>String</p></td>
<td><p>VARCHAR, VARSTRING, TEXT</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>ByteArray, Bytes</p></td>
<td><p>TINYBLOB, MEDIUMBLOB, BLOB, LONGBLOB</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>DateTime</p></td>
<td><p>DATETIME</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Date</p></td>
<td><p>DATE</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Time</p></td>
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